[{"id":"total-mapped-alpr-cameras-us","value":131735,"unit":"cameras","subject":"Number of ALPR camera nodes mapped in the contiguous US data pull (OpenStreetMap surveillance:type=ALPR tag)","asof":"2026-08-17","source":{"publisher":"OpenStreetMap / DeFlock contributors","title":"US ALPR camera nodes (man_made=surveillance, surveillance:type=ALPR)","url":"https://deflock.org/","retrieved":"2026-08-17"},"method":{"type":"computed","from":["data/alpr-us.json"],"how":"len(elements) in the Overpass API JSON export (query in data/alpr-us.overpassql)"},"status":"verified","license":"ODbL","caveats":["Underlying camera locations are volunteer-crowdsourced (DeFlock/OSM), not verified by any camera operator or government body -- likely incomplete, possibly outdated or inaccurate (see repo TERMS.md)."]},{"id":"flock-safety-manufacturer-share","value":78.91,"unit":"percent","subject":"Share of all mapped US ALPR camera nodes whose manufacturer tag is 'Flock Safety'","asof":"2026-08-17","source":{"publisher":"OpenStreetMap / DeFlock contributors","title":"US ALPR camera nodes (man_made=surveillance, surveillance:type=ALPR)","url":"https://deflock.org/","retrieved":"2026-08-17"},"method":{"type":"computed","from":["data/alpr-us.json"],"how":"count(tags.manufacturer == 'Flock Safety') / len(elements) * 100, over all nodes (not just manufacturer-tagged ones)"},"status":"verified","license":"ODbL","caveats":["Underlying camera locations are volunteer-crowdsourced (DeFlock/OSM), not verified by any camera operator or government body -- likely incomplete, possibly outdated or inaccurate (see repo TERMS.md).","README (2026-08-17 extract) states '82.3% Flock Safety by manufacturer' -- recomputed directly from data/alpr-us.json this is 78.91% of all 131735 nodes, or 85.67% of the 121333 nodes that carry a manufacturer tag. Neither denominator reproduces the README's 82.3%; treat the README figure as unverified and this recomputed value as authoritative."]},{"id":"camera-operator-tag-coverage","value":17.26,"unit":"percent","subject":"Share of mapped US ALPR camera nodes that carry a named 'operator' tag","asof":"2026-08-17","source":{"publisher":"OpenStreetMap / DeFlock contributors","title":"US ALPR camera nodes (man_made=surveillance, surveillance:type=ALPR)","url":"https://deflock.org/","retrieved":"2026-08-17"},"method":{"type":"computed","from":["data/alpr-us.json"],"how":"count(nodes with non-empty tags.operator) / len(elements) * 100"},"status":"verified","license":"ODbL","caveats":["Underlying camera locations are volunteer-crowdsourced (DeFlock/OSM), not verified by any camera operator or government body -- likely incomplete, possibly outdated or inaccurate (see repo TERMS.md)."]},{"id":"lowes-tagged-camera-count","value":1590,"unit":"cameras","subject":"Number of mapped ALPR camera nodes with operator tag \"Lowe's\"","asof":"2026-08-17","source":{"publisher":"OpenStreetMap / DeFlock contributors","title":"US ALPR camera nodes (man_made=surveillance, surveillance:type=ALPR)","url":"https://deflock.org/","retrieved":"2026-08-17"},"method":{"type":"computed","from":["data/alpr-us.json"],"how":"count(tags.operator == \"Lowe's\") over all nodes"},"status":"verified","license":"ODbL","caveats":["Underlying camera locations are volunteer-crowdsourced (DeFlock/OSM), not verified by any camera operator or government body -- likely incomplete, possibly outdated or inaccurate (see repo TERMS.md).","Only 17.3% of nodes carry any operator tag, so true totals per operator are likely higher than the tagged count."]},{"id":"home-depot-tagged-camera-count","value":1030,"unit":"cameras","subject":"Number of mapped ALPR camera nodes with operator tag \"The Home Depot\"","asof":"2026-08-17","source":{"publisher":"OpenStreetMap / DeFlock contributors","title":"US ALPR camera nodes (man_made=surveillance, surveillance:type=ALPR)","url":"https://deflock.org/","retrieved":"2026-08-17"},"method":{"type":"computed","from":["data/alpr-us.json"],"how":"count(tags.operator == 'The Home Depot') over all nodes"},"status":"verified","license":"ODbL","caveats":["Underlying camera locations are volunteer-crowdsourced (DeFlock/OSM), not verified by any camera operator or government body -- likely incomplete, possibly outdated or inaccurate (see repo TERMS.md).","Only 17.3% of nodes carry any operator tag, so true totals per operator are likely higher than the tagged count.","README ranks Lowe's/Home Depot as the '#2 and #4 largest named camera operators'. Recomputed ranking by tagged operator count is: 1) Flock Safety (2177, vendor self-tagged, likely demo/test units), 2) Lowe's (1590), 3) Home Depot (1030), 4) San Diego Police Department (591) -- i.e. Home Depot recomputes as #3, not #4. No entity between Home Depot and San Diego PD was found in the tagged data."]},{"id":"san-diego-pd-tagged-camera-count","value":591,"unit":"cameras","subject":"Number of mapped ALPR camera nodes operator-tagged to the San Diego Police Department -- the largest single law-enforcement operator by tag count","asof":"2026-08-17","source":{"publisher":"OpenStreetMap / DeFlock contributors","title":"US ALPR camera nodes (man_made=surveillance, surveillance:type=ALPR)","url":"https://deflock.org/","retrieved":"2026-08-17"},"method":{"type":"computed","from":["data/alpr-us.json"],"how":"count(tags.operator == 'San Diego Police Department') over all nodes, then confirmed it is the max among law-enforcement-named operators"},"status":"verified","license":"ODbL","caveats":["Underlying camera locations are volunteer-crowdsourced (DeFlock/OSM), not verified by any camera operator or government body -- likely incomplete, possibly outdated or inaccurate (see repo TERMS.md).","Only 17.3% of nodes carry any operator tag."]},{"id":"zero-mapped-camera-counties-count","value":846,"unit":"counties","subject":"Number of US counties with zero mapped ALPR camera nodes","asof":"2026-08-17","source":{"publisher":"OpenStreetMap / DeFlock contributors","title":"US ALPR camera nodes (man_made=surveillance, surveillance:type=ALPR)","url":"https://deflock.org/","retrieved":"2026-08-17"},"method":{"type":"computed","from":["data/zero-camera-counties.json"],"how":"len(zero_fips) -- counties in county-counts-v2.json's population universe with a camera count of 0"},"status":"verified","license":"ODbL","caveats":["Underlying camera locations are volunteer-crowdsourced (DeFlock/OSM), not verified by any camera operator or government body -- likely incomplete, possibly outdated or inaccurate (see repo TERMS.md).","A county with zero mapped cameras is evidence of an unmapped county, not evidence of camera absence, unless corroborated by an independent source (see README 'Methodology note on absence claims')."]},{"id":"zero-mapped-camera-counties-share","value":26.91,"unit":"percent","subject":"Share of all US counties (with a population figure) that have zero mapped ALPR camera nodes","asof":"2026-08-17","source":{"publisher":"OpenStreetMap / DeFlock contributors","title":"US ALPR camera nodes (man_made=surveillance, surveillance:type=ALPR)","url":"https://deflock.org/","retrieved":"2026-08-17"},"method":{"type":"computed","from":["data/zero-camera-counties.json"],"how":"len(zero_fips) / len(pop) * 100"},"status":"verified","license":"ODbL","caveats":["Underlying camera locations are volunteer-crowdsourced (DeFlock/OSM), not verified by any camera operator or government body -- likely incomplete, possibly outdated or inaccurate (see repo TERMS.md).","A county with zero mapped cameras is evidence of an unmapped county, not evidence of camera absence, unless corroborated by an independent source (see README 'Methodology note on absence claims').","README states '846 of 3,235 counties (28.2%)'. data/zero-camera-counties.json's population dictionary covers 3144 counties (the standard ~3,144 US county/county-equivalent set), not 3,235. Recomputed share is 846/3144 = 26.91%, which matches neither the README's 28.2% nor the 3,235 denominator; treat 3,235 and 28.2% in the README as unverified."]},{"id":"population-share-in-zero-camera-counties","value":3.54,"unit":"percent","subject":"Share of the total tracked US county population living in a county with zero mapped ALPR cameras","asof":"2026-08-17","source":{"publisher":"US Census Bureau","title":"County Population Totals, Vintage 2024","url":"https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-counties-total.html","retrieved":"2026-08-17"},"method":{"type":"computed","from":["data/zero-camera-counties.json"],"how":"sum(pop[f] for f in zero_fips) / sum(pop.values()) * 100"},"status":"verified","license":"ODbL","caveats":["Underlying camera locations are volunteer-crowdsourced (DeFlock/OSM), not verified by any camera operator or government body -- likely incomplete, possibly outdated or inaccurate (see repo TERMS.md).","A county with zero mapped cameras is evidence of an unmapped county, not evidence of camera absence, unless corroborated by an independent source (see README 'Methodology note on absence claims')."]},{"id":"population-share-in-mapped-camera-counties","value":96.46,"unit":"percent","subject":"Share of the total tracked US county population living in a county with at least one mapped ALPR camera","asof":"2026-08-17","source":{"publisher":"US Census Bureau","title":"County Population Totals, Vintage 2024","url":"https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-counties-total.html","retrieved":"2026-08-17"},"method":{"type":"computed","from":["data/zero-camera-counties.json"],"how":"100 - population-share-in-zero-camera-counties"},"status":"verified","license":"ODbL","caveats":["Underlying camera locations are volunteer-crowdsourced (DeFlock/OSM), not verified by any camera operator or government body -- likely incomplete, possibly outdated or inaccurate (see repo TERMS.md).","A county with zero mapped cameras is evidence of an unmapped county, not evidence of camera absence, unless corroborated by an independent source (see README 'Methodology note on absence claims')."]},{"id":"eff-atlas-osm-agreement-rate","value":97.99,"unit":"percent","subject":"Share of OSM zero-camera counties that EFF's Atlas of Surveillance (an independent, FOIA/records-based source) also shows no ALPR-using agency for","asof":"2026-08-17","source":{"publisher":"Electronic Frontier Foundation","title":"Atlas of Surveillance","url":"https://atlasofsurveillance.org/","retrieved":"2026-08-17"},"method":{"type":"computed","from":["data/county-classification.json","data/zero-camera-counties.json"],"how":"len(real_absence) / len(zero_fips) * 100"},"status":"verified","license":"ODbL","caveats":["Underlying camera locations are volunteer-crowdsourced (DeFlock/OSM), not verified by any camera operator or government body -- likely incomplete, possibly outdated or inaccurate (see repo TERMS.md).","A county with zero mapped cameras is evidence of an unmapped county, not evidence of camera absence, unless corroborated by an independent source (see README 'Methodology note on absence claims').","EFF's Atlas of Surveillance only tracks law-enforcement agencies; it does not rule out unshared private ALPR deployments (retail, HOA) in a given county."]},{"id":"true-mapping-gap-counties-count","value":17,"unit":"counties","subject":"Number of zero-mapped-camera counties where EFF's Atlas of Surveillance confirms an ALPR-using agency exists -- i.e. a true mapping gap rather than corroborated absence","asof":"2026-08-17","source":{"publisher":"Electronic Frontier Foundation","title":"Atlas of Surveillance","url":"https://atlasofsurveillance.org/","retrieved":"2026-08-17"},"method":{"type":"computed","from":["data/county-classification.json"],"how":"len(gap)"},"status":"verified","license":"ODbL","caveats":["Underlying camera locations are volunteer-crowdsourced (DeFlock/OSM), not verified by any camera operator or government body -- likely incomplete, possibly outdated or inaccurate (see repo TERMS.md).","EFF's Atlas of Surveillance only tracks law-enforcement agencies; it does not rule out unshared private ALPR deployments (retail, HOA) in a given county."]},{"id":"corroborated-no-alpr-population-count","value":11675228,"unit":"people","subject":"Population living in counties with zero mapped ALPR cameras AND no EFF-confirmed ALPR-using agency (the corroborated 'no-fly-zone' population)","asof":"2026-08-17","source":{"publisher":"US Census Bureau","title":"County Population Totals, Vintage 2024","url":"https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-counties-total.html","retrieved":"2026-08-17"},"method":{"type":"computed","from":["data/county-classification.json","data/zero-camera-counties.json"],"how":"sum(pop[f] for f in real_absence)"},"status":"verified","license":"ODbL","caveats":["Underlying camera locations are volunteer-crowdsourced (DeFlock/OSM), not verified by any camera operator or government body -- likely incomplete, possibly outdated or inaccurate (see repo TERMS.md).","A county with zero mapped cameras is evidence of an unmapped county, not evidence of camera absence, unless corroborated by an independent source (see README 'Methodology note on absence claims').","EFF's Atlas of Surveillance only tracks law-enforcement agencies; it does not rule out unshared private ALPR deployments (retail, HOA) in a given county."]},{"id":"corroborated-no-alpr-population-share","value":3.43,"unit":"percent","subject":"Share of the total tracked US county population living in the corroborated no-ALPR population above","asof":"2026-08-17","source":{"publisher":"US Census Bureau","title":"County Population Totals, Vintage 2024","url":"https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-counties-total.html","retrieved":"2026-08-17"},"method":{"type":"computed","from":["data/county-classification.json","data/zero-camera-counties.json"],"how":"corroborated-no-alpr-population-count / sum(pop.values()) * 100"},"status":"verified","license":"ODbL","caveats":["Underlying camera locations are volunteer-crowdsourced (DeFlock/OSM), not verified by any camera operator or government body -- likely incomplete, possibly outdated or inaccurate (see repo TERMS.md).","A county with zero mapped cameras is evidence of an unmapped county, not evidence of camera absence, unless corroborated by an independent source (see README 'Methodology note on absence claims').","EFF's Atlas of Surveillance only tracks law-enforcement agencies; it does not rule out unshared private ALPR deployments (retail, HOA) in a given county."]},{"id":"strong-law-state-camera-density","value":4.64,"unit":"cameras_per_100k","subject":"Average mapped-ALPR-camera density per 100k residents across the 4 US states rated 'strong' ALPR-restriction law","asof":"2026-08-17","source":{"publisher":"unflocked.org (cross-checked against NCSL 50-state ALPR legislative survey, Sept 2025)","title":"State-by-state ALPR law strength rating","url":"https://unflocked.org/","retrieved":"2026-08-17"},"method":{"type":"computed","from":["data/state-density-law.json","data/state-law-crosscheck.json"],"how":"mean(cameras_per_100k) over rows where law_strength == 'strong'"},"status":"preliminary","license":"ODbL","caveats":["Underlying camera locations are volunteer-crowdsourced (DeFlock/OSM), not verified by any camera operator or government body -- likely incomplete, possibly outdated or inaccurate (see repo TERMS.md).","State law-strength rating is single-source (unflocked.org). Cross-checked against NCSL's independently-tracked statute list (https://www.ncsl.org/technology-and-communication/automated-license-plate-readers-state-statutes, retrieved 2026-08-25): 8 states agree (unflocked.org rates partial/strong AND NCSL lists a statute); 8 states unflocked.org rates 'none' where NCSL lists a codified statute; 6 states unflocked.org rates partial/strong where NCSL lists no statute in its tracked table. unflocked.org rates *strength* (a judgment call) while NCSL's table records statute *presence* only, so disagreement in either direction is possible without either source being wrong -- see data/state-law-crosscheck.json for the full state lists. This did not resolve the preliminary status: the disagreement is real, not a data-entry error to fix, and a state rated 'none' with an NCSL-confirmed statute is exactly the fuller-legal-review gap this figure has been pending on."]},{"id":"partial-law-state-camera-density","value":31.71,"unit":"cameras_per_100k","subject":"Average mapped-ALPR-camera density per 100k residents across the 10 US states rated 'partial' ALPR-restriction law","asof":"2026-08-17","source":{"publisher":"unflocked.org (cross-checked against NCSL 50-state ALPR legislative survey, Sept 2025)","title":"State-by-state ALPR law strength rating","url":"https://unflocked.org/","retrieved":"2026-08-17"},"method":{"type":"computed","from":["data/state-density-law.json","data/state-law-crosscheck.json"],"how":"mean(cameras_per_100k) over rows where law_strength == 'partial'"},"status":"preliminary","license":"ODbL","caveats":["Underlying camera locations are volunteer-crowdsourced (DeFlock/OSM), not verified by any camera operator or government body -- likely incomplete, possibly outdated or inaccurate (see repo TERMS.md).","State law-strength rating is single-source (unflocked.org). Cross-checked against NCSL's independently-tracked statute list (https://www.ncsl.org/technology-and-communication/automated-license-plate-readers-state-statutes, retrieved 2026-08-25): 8 states agree (unflocked.org rates partial/strong AND NCSL lists a statute); 8 states unflocked.org rates 'none' where NCSL lists a codified statute; 6 states unflocked.org rates partial/strong where NCSL lists no statute in its tracked table. unflocked.org rates *strength* (a judgment call) while NCSL's table records statute *presence* only, so disagreement in either direction is possible without either source being wrong -- see data/state-law-crosscheck.json for the full state lists. This did not resolve the preliminary status: the disagreement is real, not a data-entry error to fix, and a state rated 'none' with an NCSL-confirmed statute is exactly the fuller-legal-review gap this figure has been pending on."]},{"id":"no-protection-law-state-camera-density","value":31.85,"unit":"cameras_per_100k","subject":"Average mapped-ALPR-camera density per 100k residents across the 35 US states rated 'none' (no ALPR-restriction law)","asof":"2026-08-17","source":{"publisher":"unflocked.org (cross-checked against NCSL 50-state ALPR legislative survey, Sept 2025)","title":"State-by-state ALPR law strength rating","url":"https://unflocked.org/","retrieved":"2026-08-17"},"method":{"type":"computed","from":["data/state-density-law.json","data/state-law-crosscheck.json"],"how":"mean(cameras_per_100k) over rows where law_strength == 'none'"},"status":"preliminary","license":"ODbL","caveats":["Underlying camera locations are volunteer-crowdsourced (DeFlock/OSM), not verified by any camera operator or government body -- likely incomplete, possibly outdated or inaccurate (see repo TERMS.md).","State law-strength rating is single-source (unflocked.org). Cross-checked against NCSL's independently-tracked statute list (https://www.ncsl.org/technology-and-communication/automated-license-plate-readers-state-statutes, retrieved 2026-08-25): 8 states agree (unflocked.org rates partial/strong AND NCSL lists a statute); 8 states unflocked.org rates 'none' where NCSL lists a codified statute; 6 states unflocked.org rates partial/strong where NCSL lists no statute in its tracked table. unflocked.org rates *strength* (a judgment call) while NCSL's table records statute *presence* only, so disagreement in either direction is possible without either source being wrong -- see data/state-law-crosscheck.json for the full state lists. This did not resolve the preliminary status: the disagreement is real, not a data-entry error to fix, and a state rated 'none' with an NCSL-confirmed statute is exactly the fuller-legal-review gap this figure has been pending on."]},{"id":"ncsl-tracked-alpr-statute-states-count","value":16,"unit":"states","subject":"Number of US states with a codified ALPR-specific statute per NCSL's tracker (privacy/data-retention statutes; presence only, not a strength rating)","asof":"2026-08-25","source":{"publisher":"National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL)","title":"Automated License Plate Readers: State Statutes","url":"https://www.ncsl.org/technology-and-communication/automated-license-plate-readers-state-statutes","retrieved":"2026-08-25"},"method":{"type":"computed","from":["data/ncsl-state-alpr-statutes.json"],"how":"len(states) in the parsed NCSL statute table"},"status":"verified","license":"public-domain","caveats":["This counts statute *presence*, not strength -- it is a distinct measure from the strong/partial/none figures above, sourced directly to NCSL rather than through unflocked.org. Virginia is tracked separately (data/ncsl-state-alpr-statutes.json's also_mentioned) because NCSL's page cites a Virginia statute without a statute summary, too thin to count here."]},{"id":"camera-density-violent-clearance-correlation","value":-0.545,"unit":"pearson_r","subject":"Correlation (Pearson r) between state-level mapped ALPR camera density per 100k and 2025 violent crime clearance rate, across 51 states","asof":"2026-08-17","source":{"publisher":"FBI Crime Data Explorer","title":"NIBRS summarized state clearance rates (api.usa.gov/crime/fbi/cde)","url":"https://cde.ucr.cjis.gov/","retrieved":"2026-08-17"},"method":{"type":"computed","from":["data/camera-clearance-join.json"],"how":"Pearson correlation of cameras_per_100k vs violent_clearance_2025 across all 51 rows"},"status":"verified","license":"ODbL","caveats":["Underlying camera locations are volunteer-crowdsourced (DeFlock/OSM), not verified by any camera operator or government body -- likely incomplete, possibly outdated or inaccurate (see repo TERMS.md).","This figure is a state-level join (FBI CDE summarized API). Camera-dense states skew urban with structurally different caseloads/clearance baselines regardless of camera presence, and a given year's clearances are not necessarily for offenses reported that year. Correlation, not causation. See the county-level figures for the same question at county granularity."]},{"id":"zero-camera-county-violent-clearance","value":53.7,"unit":"percent","subject":"Aggregate 2025 violent-crime clearance rate across the 692 corroborated zero-camera counties with full-year FBI reporting","asof":"2026-08-17","source":{"publisher":"FBI Crime Data Explorer","title":"Return A master file (offenses known and clearances by arrest, agency-level) + Law Enforcement Employees agency crosswalk","url":"https://cde.ucr.cjis.gov/","retrieved":"2026-08-17"},"method":{"type":"computed","from":["data/county-camera-clearance-join.json"],"how":"sum(violent_cleared) / sum(violent_actual) over 12-month-reporting agencies in counties with zero mapped cameras and EFF-corroborated absence"},"status":"verified","license":"ODbL","caveats":["Underlying camera locations are volunteer-crowdsourced (DeFlock/OSM), not verified by any camera operator or government body -- likely incomplete, possibly outdated or inaccurate (see repo TERMS.md).","EFF's Atlas of Surveillance only tracks law-enforcement agencies; it does not rule out unshared private ALPR deployments (retail, HOA) in a given county.","County aggregates cover only agencies with a resolved county FIPS that reported all 12 months of the year to the FBI (Return A master file); state/federal and multi-county agencies are excluded. Camera-dense counties skew urban with structurally different caseloads/clearance baselines regardless of camera presence, and a given year's clearances are not necessarily for offenses reported that year. Correlation, not causation."]},{"id":"top-density-quartile-county-violent-clearance","value":43.35,"unit":"percent","subject":"Aggregate 2025 violent-crime clearance rate across the 549 counties in the top quartile of mapped-ALPR camera density (avg 108.26 per 100k)","asof":"2026-08-17","source":{"publisher":"FBI Crime Data Explorer","title":"Return A master file (offenses known and clearances by arrest, agency-level) + Law Enforcement Employees agency crosswalk","url":"https://cde.ucr.cjis.gov/","retrieved":"2026-08-17"},"method":{"type":"computed","from":["data/county-camera-clearance-join.json"],"how":"sum(violent_cleared) / sum(violent_actual) over 12-month-reporting agencies in top-quartile-density counties"},"status":"verified","license":"ODbL","caveats":["Underlying camera locations are volunteer-crowdsourced (DeFlock/OSM), not verified by any camera operator or government body -- likely incomplete, possibly outdated or inaccurate (see repo TERMS.md).","County aggregates cover only agencies with a resolved county FIPS that reported all 12 months of the year to the FBI (Return A master file); state/federal and multi-county agencies are excluded. Camera-dense counties skew urban with structurally different caseloads/clearance baselines regardless of camera presence, and a given year's clearances are not necessarily for offenses reported that year. Correlation, not causation."]},{"id":"county-camera-density-violent-clearance-correlation","value":-0.039,"unit":"pearson_r","subject":"Correlation (Pearson r) between county-level mapped ALPR camera density per 100k and 2025 violent crime clearance rate, across 1346 counties with at least 50 violent offenses","asof":"2026-08-17","source":{"publisher":"FBI Crime Data Explorer","title":"Return A master file (offenses known and clearances by arrest, agency-level) + Law Enforcement Employees agency crosswalk","url":"https://cde.ucr.cjis.gov/","retrieved":"2026-08-17"},"method":{"type":"computed","from":["data/county-camera-clearance-join.json"],"how":"Pearson correlation of cameras_per_100k vs 100*vc25/va25 over rows with va25 >= 50"},"status":"verified","license":"ODbL","caveats":["Underlying camera locations are volunteer-crowdsourced (DeFlock/OSM), not verified by any camera operator or government body -- likely incomplete, possibly outdated or inaccurate (see repo TERMS.md).","County aggregates cover only agencies with a resolved county FIPS that reported all 12 months of the year to the FBI (Return A master file); state/federal and multi-county agencies are excluded. Camera-dense counties skew urban with structurally different caseloads/clearance baselines regardless of camera presence, and a given year's clearances are not necessarily for offenses reported that year. Correlation, not causation."]},{"id":"polk-county-fl-camera-density","value":46.7,"unit":"cameras_per_100k","subject":"Mapped ALPR camera density per 100k residents, Polk County, FL (FIPS 12105)","asof":"2026-08-17","source":{"publisher":"OpenStreetMap / DeFlock contributors","title":"US ALPR camera nodes (man_made=surveillance, surveillance:type=ALPR)","url":"https://deflock.org/","retrieved":"2026-08-17"},"method":{"type":"computed","from":["data/polk-brevard-detail.json","data/polk-brevard-nodes.json"],"how":"camera_count / population_2024_estimate * 100000, camera_count via point-in-polygon (shapely) of data/alpr-us.json nodes against the county's Census boundary polygon"},"status":"verified","license":"ODbL","caveats":["Underlying camera locations are volunteer-crowdsourced (DeFlock/OSM), not verified by any camera operator or government body -- likely incomplete, possibly outdated or inaccurate (see repo TERMS.md)."]},{"id":"brevard-county-fl-camera-density","value":37.4,"unit":"cameras_per_100k","subject":"Mapped ALPR camera density per 100k residents, Brevard County, FL (FIPS 12009)","asof":"2026-08-17","source":{"publisher":"OpenStreetMap / DeFlock contributors","title":"US ALPR camera nodes (man_made=surveillance, surveillance:type=ALPR)","url":"https://deflock.org/","retrieved":"2026-08-17"},"method":{"type":"computed","from":["data/polk-brevard-detail.json","data/polk-brevard-nodes.json"],"how":"camera_count / population_2024_estimate * 100000, camera_count via point-in-polygon (shapely) of data/alpr-us.json nodes against the county's Census boundary polygon"},"status":"verified","license":"ODbL","caveats":["Underlying camera locations are volunteer-crowdsourced (DeFlock/OSM), not verified by any camera operator or government body -- likely incomplete, possibly outdated or inaccurate (see repo TERMS.md)."]},{"id":"harris-county-tx-camera-count","value":3875,"unit":"cameras","subject":"Mapped ALPR camera count, Harris County, TX (Houston) -- highest raw count among the 3-highest-camera counties in every US state","asof":"2026-08-17","source":{"publisher":"OpenStreetMap / DeFlock contributors","title":"US ALPR camera nodes (man_made=surveillance, surveillance:type=ALPR)","url":"https://deflock.org/","retrieved":"2026-08-17"},"method":{"type":"computed","from":["data/top3-counties-by-state.json"],"how":"point-in-polygon assignment of data/alpr-us.json nodes to county boundaries, restricted to the 3 highest-camera-count counties per state"},"status":"verified","license":"ODbL","caveats":["Underlying camera locations are volunteer-crowdsourced (DeFlock/OSM), not verified by any camera operator or government body -- likely incomplete, possibly outdated or inaccurate (see repo TERMS.md)."]},{"id":"yakima-county-wa-camera-density","value":162.8,"unit":"cameras_per_100k","subject":"Mapped ALPR camera density per 100k residents, Yakima County, WA -- highest per-capita density (min. 20 cameras) among the top-3-per-state pool","asof":"2026-08-17","source":{"publisher":"OpenStreetMap / DeFlock contributors","title":"US ALPR camera nodes (man_made=surveillance, surveillance:type=ALPR)","url":"https://deflock.org/","retrieved":"2026-08-17"},"method":{"type":"computed","from":["data/top3-counties-by-state.json"],"how":"camera_count / population_2024 * 100000, restricted to counties with >=20 mapped cameras to exclude single-deployment outliers on tiny populations"},"status":"verified","license":"ODbL","caveats":["Underlying camera locations are volunteer-crowdsourced (DeFlock/OSM), not verified by any camera operator or government body -- likely incomplete, possibly outdated or inaccurate (see repo TERMS.md)."]},{"id":"fulton-county-ga-camera-density","value":124.9,"unit":"cameras_per_100k","subject":"Mapped ALPR camera density per 100k residents, Fulton County, GA (Atlanta) -- traced to Atlanta's public, budgeted 'Operation Shield' camera program (14 agencies confirmed by EFF's Atlas of Surveillance), not a data artifact","asof":"2026-08-17","source":{"publisher":"OpenStreetMap / DeFlock contributors","title":"US ALPR camera nodes (man_made=surveillance, surveillance:type=ALPR)","url":"https://deflock.org/","retrieved":"2026-08-17"},"method":{"type":"computed","from":["data/top3-counties-by-state.json"],"how":"camera_count / population_2024 * 100000; verified against EFF's Atlas of Surveillance (14 Fulton County agencies with ALPR) and public reporting on Operation Shield before being treated as a real finding rather than a duplicate-node artifact"},"status":"verified","license":"ODbL","caveats":["Underlying camera locations are volunteer-crowdsourced (DeFlock/OSM), not verified by any camera operator or government body -- likely incomplete, possibly outdated or inaccurate (see repo TERMS.md).","EFF's Atlas of Surveillance only tracks law-enforcement agencies; it does not rule out unshared private ALPR deployments (retail, HOA) in a given county.","Cross-referenced against EFF's Atlas of Surveillance and public reporting (Atlanta Police Foundation's Operation Shield, ~$50M/5yr, 60,000+ connected cameras including HOA/CID-owned units APD is granted access to) before being published as a genuine finding rather than a suspected artifact."]},{"id":"connecticut-top3-planning-regions-camera-count","value":666,"unit":"cameras","subject":"Combined mapped ALPR camera count across Connecticut's 3 highest-camera planning regions (Capitol, South Central, Western) -- required rebuilding county-equivalent geometry from the Census's 2023 cartographic boundary file, since this project's static counties-fips.geojson predates CT's 2022 county-to-planning-region reorganization and has no matching polygons for the new FIPS codes","asof":"2026-08-17","source":{"publisher":"OpenStreetMap / DeFlock contributors","title":"US ALPR camera nodes (man_made=surveillance, surveillance:type=ALPR)","url":"https://deflock.org/","retrieved":"2026-08-17"},"method":{"type":"computed","from":["data/top3-counties-by-state.json"],"how":"point-in-polygon assignment of data/alpr-us.json nodes against cb_2023_us_county_500k (Census 2023 cartographic boundary file) for the 3 target planning-region FIPS codes; totals matched data/county-counts-v2.json exactly (306/240/120), confirming this is the same join logic an earlier pass used for aggregate county counts but had never applied at node level"},"status":"verified","license":"ODbL","caveats":["Underlying camera locations are volunteer-crowdsourced (DeFlock/OSM), not verified by any camera operator or government body -- likely incomplete, possibly outdated or inaccurate (see repo TERMS.md)."]},{"id":"highest-density-quartile-violent-clearance-2016","value":37.48,"unit":"percent","subject":"2016 violent-crime clearance rate in the counties that are TODAY in the highest quartile of mapped ALPR camera density -- measured nine years earlier, before Flock Safety's mass deployment (2021+), over the 2016-2025 balanced reporting panel","asof":"2026-08-18","source":{"publisher":"FBI Crime Data Explorer","title":"Return A master files 2016-2025 (agency-level offenses known and clearances by arrest, CDE bulk download)","url":"https://cde.ucr.cjis.gov/","retrieved":"2026-08-18"},"method":{"type":"computed","from":["data/crime-timeline.json"],"how":"sum(violent cleared)/sum(violent actual) over balanced-panel agencies in current density-Q4 counties, year 2016 (scripts/build_crime_timeline.py)"},"status":"verified","license":"ODbL","caveats":["Balanced panel: only the 8,546 agencies that reported all 12 months to the FBI in every year 2016-2025, grouped by their county's CURRENT (2026) mapped-camera density -- there is no historical per-county camera count, so buckets mean 'counties that ended up high/low density'. Panel agencies skew toward continuously-reporting (typically larger) departments. Correlation, not causation.","Underlying camera locations are volunteer-crowdsourced (DeFlock/OSM), not verified by any camera operator or government body -- likely incomplete, possibly outdated or inaccurate (see repo TERMS.md)."]},{"id":"lowest-density-quartile-violent-clearance-2016","value":48.21,"unit":"percent","subject":"2016 violent-crime clearance rate in the counties that are TODAY in the lowest (nonzero) quartile of mapped ALPR camera density -- the comparison figure showing the density-clearance gap predates mass ALPR deployment","asof":"2026-08-18","source":{"publisher":"FBI Crime Data Explorer","title":"Return A master files 2016-2025 (agency-level offenses known and clearances by arrest, CDE bulk download)","url":"https://cde.ucr.cjis.gov/","retrieved":"2026-08-18"},"method":{"type":"computed","from":["data/crime-timeline.json"],"how":"sum(violent cleared)/sum(violent actual) over balanced-panel agencies in current density-Q1 counties, year 2016 (scripts/build_crime_timeline.py)"},"status":"verified","license":"ODbL","caveats":["Balanced panel: only the 8,546 agencies that reported all 12 months to the FBI in every year 2016-2025, grouped by their county's CURRENT (2026) mapped-camera density -- there is no historical per-county camera count, so buckets mean 'counties that ended up high/low density'. Panel agencies skew toward continuously-reporting (typically larger) departments. Correlation, not causation.","Underlying camera locations are volunteer-crowdsourced (DeFlock/OSM), not verified by any camera operator or government body -- likely incomplete, possibly outdated or inaccurate (see repo TERMS.md)."]},{"id":"highest-density-quartile-violent-clearance-improvement-2016-2025","value":7.03,"unit":"percentage points","subject":"2016-to-2025 change in violent-crime clearance rate in today's highest-density quartile counties (balanced panel) -- slightly LARGER than the lowest quartile's improvement over the same decade, cutting against a camera-suppresses-clearance reading of the cross-sectional gap","asof":"2026-08-18","source":{"publisher":"FBI Crime Data Explorer","title":"Return A master files 2016-2025 (agency-level offenses known and clearances by arrest, CDE bulk download)","url":"https://cde.ucr.cjis.gov/","retrieved":"2026-08-18"},"method":{"type":"computed","from":["data/crime-timeline.json"],"how":"Q4 2025 violent clearance rate minus Q4 2016 rate (scripts/build_crime_timeline.py); compare lowest-density-quartile-violent-clearance-improvement-2016-2025"},"status":"verified","license":"ODbL","caveats":["Balanced panel: only the 8,546 agencies that reported all 12 months to the FBI in every year 2016-2025, grouped by their county's CURRENT (2026) mapped-camera density -- there is no historical per-county camera count, so buckets mean 'counties that ended up high/low density'. Panel agencies skew toward continuously-reporting (typically larger) departments. Correlation, not causation.","Underlying camera locations are volunteer-crowdsourced (DeFlock/OSM), not verified by any camera operator or government body -- likely incomplete, possibly outdated or inaccurate (see repo TERMS.md)."]},{"id":"lowest-density-quartile-violent-clearance-improvement-2016-2025","value":5.32,"unit":"percentage points","subject":"2016-to-2025 change in violent-crime clearance rate in today's lowest (nonzero) density quartile counties (balanced panel)","asof":"2026-08-18","source":{"publisher":"FBI Crime Data Explorer","title":"Return A master files 2016-2025 (agency-level offenses known and clearances by arrest, CDE bulk download)","url":"https://cde.ucr.cjis.gov/","retrieved":"2026-08-18"},"method":{"type":"computed","from":["data/crime-timeline.json"],"how":"Q1 2025 violent clearance rate minus Q1 2016 rate (scripts/build_crime_timeline.py)"},"status":"verified","license":"ODbL","caveats":["Balanced panel: only the 8,546 agencies that reported all 12 months to the FBI in every year 2016-2025, grouped by their county's CURRENT (2026) mapped-camera density -- there is no historical per-county camera count, so buckets mean 'counties that ended up high/low density'. Panel agencies skew toward continuously-reporting (typically larger) departments. Correlation, not causation.","Underlying camera locations are volunteer-crowdsourced (DeFlock/OSM), not verified by any camera operator or government body -- likely incomplete, possibly outdated or inaccurate (see repo TERMS.md)."]},{"id":"balanced-panel-violent-clearance-2025","value":47.24,"unit":"percent","subject":"2025 violent-crime clearance rate across the full 2016-2025 balanced reporting panel (8,546 agencies) -- the highest of the decade, after a 2020-21 trough","asof":"2026-08-18","source":{"publisher":"FBI Crime Data Explorer","title":"Return A master files 2016-2025 (agency-level offenses known and clearances by arrest, CDE bulk download)","url":"https://cde.ucr.cjis.gov/","retrieved":"2026-08-18"},"method":{"type":"computed","from":["data/crime-timeline.json"],"how":"sum(violent cleared)/sum(violent actual) over all balanced-panel agencies, year 2025 (scripts/build_crime_timeline.py)"},"status":"verified","license":"public-domain","caveats":["Balanced panel: only the 8,546 agencies that reported all 12 months to the FBI in every year 2016-2025, which skews toward continuously-reporting (typically larger) departments; a given year's clearances are not necessarily for that year's offenses."]},{"id":"mapped-alpr-nodes-created-by-end-2024","value":3315,"unit":"cameras","subject":"Creation-dated (OSM version-1) ALPR nodes in the current US extract that already existed at the end of 2024 -- versus 41,138 a year later and 100,882 by August 2026: the map tripled in 2026 alone, so the dataset is overwhelmingly under 20 months old","asof":"2026-08-18","source":{"publisher":"OpenStreetMap / DeFlock contributors","title":"US ALPR camera nodes (man_made=surveillance, surveillance:type=ALPR)","url":"https://deflock.org/","retrieved":"2026-08-17"},"method":{"type":"computed","from":["data/camera-timeline.json"],"how":"cumulative count of version-1 nodes by creation month, evaluated at 2024-12 (scripts/build_camera_timeline.py from data/node-timeline.json)"},"status":"verified","license":"ODbL","caveats":["Mapping timeline, not deployment timeline: OSM node timestamps date when a camera was mapped by the DeFlock/OSM community, not when it was installed. Only version-1 nodes (76.6% of the extract) carry exact creation dates and are counted here; deleted nodes are invisible (survivorship). Attic-query corroboration attempted 2026-08-18 and shelved -- public Overpass instances shed those queries.","Underlying camera locations are volunteer-crowdsourced (DeFlock/OSM), not verified by any camera operator or government body -- likely incomplete, possibly outdated or inaccurate (see repo TERMS.md)."]},{"id":"mapped-alpr-nodes-created-2026-07","value":12580,"unit":"cameras","subject":"New creation-dated ALPR nodes mapped in July 2026 -- the biggest mapping month on record, showing community mapping still accelerating with no plateau: every current camera count is a lower bound on deployment","asof":"2026-08-18","source":{"publisher":"OpenStreetMap / DeFlock contributors","title":"US ALPR camera nodes (man_made=surveillance, surveillance:type=ALPR)","url":"https://deflock.org/","retrieved":"2026-08-17"},"method":{"type":"computed","from":["data/camera-timeline.json"],"how":"month-over-month difference of the cumulative version-1 creation series at 2026-07 (scripts/build_camera_timeline.py)"},"status":"verified","license":"ODbL","caveats":["Mapping timeline, not deployment timeline: OSM node timestamps date when a camera was mapped by the DeFlock/OSM community, not when it was installed. Only version-1 nodes (76.6% of the extract) carry exact creation dates and are counted here; deleted nodes are invisible (survivorship). Attic-query corroboration attempted 2026-08-18 and shelved -- public Overpass instances shed those queries.","Underlying camera locations are volunteer-crowdsourced (DeFlock/OSM), not verified by any camera operator or government body -- likely incomplete, possibly outdated or inaccurate (see repo TERMS.md)."]},{"id":"alpr-nodes-deleted-since-canonical-extract","value":98,"unit":"cameras","subject":"Nodes from the 2026-08-17 canonical extract that had been deleted from OSM by the 2026-08-18 metadata pull (0.07% in ~a day) -- a direct, if short-horizon, measurement that map churn is small","asof":"2026-08-18","source":{"publisher":"OpenStreetMap / DeFlock contributors","title":"US ALPR camera nodes (man_made=surveillance, surveillance:type=ALPR)","url":"https://deflock.org/","retrieved":"2026-08-17"},"method":{"type":"computed","from":["data/node-timeline.json"],"how":"n_requested minus n_returned in the by-id metadata fetch (scripts/fetch_nodes_meta.py)"},"status":"verified","license":"ODbL","caveats":["Underlying camera locations are volunteer-crowdsourced (DeFlock/OSM), not verified by any camera operator or government body -- likely incomplete, possibly outdated or inaccurate (see repo TERMS.md)."]},{"id":"shoplifting-rate-retail-alpr-present-counties-2025","value":287.13,"unit":"offenses_per_100k","subject":"Aggregate 2025 NIBRS shoplifting (23C) rate across the 565 counties with at least one mapped Lowe's/Home Depot ALPR node and NIBRS coverage that year","asof":"2026-08-19","source":{"publisher":"FBI Crime Data Explorer","title":"NIBRS master file (incident/offense-level, 2021 and 2025) + Law Enforcement Employees agency crosswalk","url":"https://cde.ucr.cjis.gov/","retrieved":"2026-08-19"},"method":{"type":"computed","from":["data/shoplifting-alpr-join.json"],"how":"sum(shoplift_2025) / sum(population) * 1e5 over counties with retail_alpr_present=true and n_agencies_2025 > 0"},"status":"verified","license":"ODbL","caveats":["Underlying camera locations are volunteer-crowdsourced (DeFlock/OSM), not verified by any camera operator or government body -- likely incomplete, possibly outdated or inaccurate (see repo TERMS.md).","NIBRS agency participation is neither universal nor stable across 2021-2025 (many large agencies were not yet NIBRS-certified in 2021, some still aren't); a county-year here is included only if a crosswalked agency reported any NIBRS offense data that year -- absence from a year's file is a reporting gap, not zero shoplifting. This is a real-world coverage limitation, not a processing choice.","'Retail ALPR present' means a mapped, operator-tagged Lowe's or Home Depot ALPR node exists in this county -- named-operator tags are sparse (17.3% of all nodes), so absence means 'none mapped/tagged,' not necessarily 'none exists,' and there is no independent corroboration source for retail ALPR the way EFF's Atlas backs police-agency camera absence. Correlation, not causation, either way."]},{"id":"shoplifting-rate-no-retail-alpr-counties-2025","value":200.22,"unit":"offenses_per_100k","subject":"Aggregate 2025 NIBRS shoplifting (23C) rate across the 2358 counties with no mapped Lowe's/Home Depot ALPR node, restricted to counties with NIBRS coverage that year","asof":"2026-08-19","source":{"publisher":"FBI Crime Data Explorer","title":"NIBRS master file (incident/offense-level, 2021 and 2025) + Law Enforcement Employees agency crosswalk","url":"https://cde.ucr.cjis.gov/","retrieved":"2026-08-19"},"method":{"type":"computed","from":["data/shoplifting-alpr-join.json"],"how":"sum(shoplift_2025) / sum(population) * 1e5 over counties with retail_alpr_present=false and n_agencies_2025 > 0"},"status":"verified","license":"ODbL","caveats":["Underlying camera locations are volunteer-crowdsourced (DeFlock/OSM), not verified by any camera operator or government body -- likely incomplete, possibly outdated or inaccurate (see repo TERMS.md).","NIBRS agency participation is neither universal nor stable across 2021-2025 (many large agencies were not yet NIBRS-certified in 2021, some still aren't); a county-year here is included only if a crosswalked agency reported any NIBRS offense data that year -- absence from a year's file is a reporting gap, not zero shoplifting. This is a real-world coverage limitation, not a processing choice.","'Retail ALPR present' means a mapped, operator-tagged Lowe's or Home Depot ALPR node exists in this county -- named-operator tags are sparse (17.3% of all nodes), so absence means 'none mapped/tagged,' not necessarily 'none exists,' and there is no independent corroboration source for retail ALPR the way EFF's Atlas backs police-agency camera absence. Correlation, not causation, either way."]},{"id":"retail-alpr-presence-shoplifting-rate-correlation","value":0.261,"unit":"pearson_r","subject":"Correlation (Pearson r) between a county having >=1 mapped retail ALPR node and its 2025 NIBRS shoplifting rate, across 2789 counties with at least 20 total 2025 NIBRS offenses","asof":"2026-08-19","source":{"publisher":"FBI Crime Data Explorer","title":"NIBRS master file (incident/offense-level, 2021 and 2025) + Law Enforcement Employees agency crosswalk","url":"https://cde.ucr.cjis.gov/","retrieved":"2026-08-19"},"method":{"type":"computed","from":["data/shoplifting-alpr-join.json"],"how":"Pearson correlation of retail_alpr_present (0/1) vs shoplift_rate_2025 over rows with offenses_2025 >= 20"},"status":"verified","license":"ODbL","caveats":["Underlying camera locations are volunteer-crowdsourced (DeFlock/OSM), not verified by any camera operator or government body -- likely incomplete, possibly outdated or inaccurate (see repo TERMS.md).","NIBRS agency participation is neither universal nor stable across 2021-2025 (many large agencies were not yet NIBRS-certified in 2021, some still aren't); a county-year here is included only if a crosswalked agency reported any NIBRS offense data that year -- absence from a year's file is a reporting gap, not zero shoplifting. This is a real-world coverage limitation, not a processing choice.","'Retail ALPR present' means a mapped, operator-tagged Lowe's or Home Depot ALPR node exists in this county -- named-operator tags are sparse (17.3% of all nodes), so absence means 'none mapped/tagged,' not necessarily 'none exists,' and there is no independent corroboration source for retail ALPR the way EFF's Atlas backs police-agency camera absence. Correlation, not causation, either way."]},{"id":"lowes-brand-camera-count","value":1693,"unit":"cameras","subject":"Number of mapped ALPR camera nodes operated by Lowe's, counting every spelling of the operator tag rather than the single most common one","asof":"2026-08-19","source":{"publisher":"OpenStreetMap / DeFlock contributors","title":"US ALPR camera nodes (man_made=surveillance, surveillance:type=ALPR)","url":"https://deflock.org/","retrieved":"2026-08-17"},"method":{"type":"computed","from":["data/alpr-us.json","scripts/retail_brands.py"],"how":"count(retail_brands.normalize_operator(tags.operator) == 'lowes') over all nodes"},"status":"verified","license":"ODbL","caveats":["Underlying camera locations are volunteer-crowdsourced (DeFlock/OSM), not verified by any camera operator or government body -- likely incomplete, possibly outdated or inaccurate (see repo TERMS.md).","Brand-family total: folds together every observed spelling of the operator tag (15 across the two brands -- 'Lowes', '[LOWES]', 'HomeDepot', \"Lowe's Companies, Inc\" and so on) via scripts/retail_brands.py. The single-exact-string figures lowes-tagged-camera-count and home-depot-tagged-camera-count count only the most common spelling and are correspondingly lower; both are correct for what they measure. Normalization is deliberately narrow enough to exclude 'Lowell Police', 'Lower Salford Township' and 'Car Wash Depot', which a substring match would wrongly capture."]},{"id":"home-depot-brand-camera-count","value":1085,"unit":"cameras","subject":"Number of mapped ALPR camera nodes operated by The Home Depot, counting every spelling of the operator tag rather than the single most common one","asof":"2026-08-19","source":{"publisher":"OpenStreetMap / DeFlock contributors","title":"US ALPR camera nodes (man_made=surveillance, surveillance:type=ALPR)","url":"https://deflock.org/","retrieved":"2026-08-17"},"method":{"type":"computed","from":["data/alpr-us.json","scripts/retail_brands.py"],"how":"count(retail_brands.normalize_operator(tags.operator) == 'home_depot') over all nodes"},"status":"verified","license":"ODbL","caveats":["Underlying camera locations are volunteer-crowdsourced (DeFlock/OSM), not verified by any camera operator or government body -- likely incomplete, possibly outdated or inaccurate (see repo TERMS.md).","Brand-family total: folds together every observed spelling of the operator tag (15 across the two brands -- 'Lowes', '[LOWES]', 'HomeDepot', \"Lowe's Companies, Inc\" and so on) via scripts/retail_brands.py. The single-exact-string figures lowes-tagged-camera-count and home-depot-tagged-camera-count count only the most common spelling and are correspondingly lower; both are correct for what they measure. Normalization is deliberately narrow enough to exclude 'Lowell Police', 'Lower Salford Township' and 'Car Wash Depot', which a substring match would wrongly capture."]},{"id":"bigbox-stores-mapped-us","value":3795,"unit":"stores","subject":"Number of US Lowe's and The Home Depot stores mapped in OpenStreetMap, used as the denominator for retail ALPR coverage","asof":"2026-08-19","source":{"publisher":"OpenStreetMap contributors","title":"US Lowe's and The Home Depot stores (brand:wikidata Q1373493, Q864407), via Overpass API","url":"https://www.openstreetmap.org/","retrieved":"2026-08-19"},"method":{"type":"computed","from":["data/bigbox-stores.json"],"how":"count of features returned by the brand:wikidata Overpass query (Q1373493 Lowe's, Q864407 The Home Depot), centroids via `out center`"},"status":"verified","license":"ODbL","caveats":["Asymmetric completeness: the store denominator is near-complete (1,764 Lowe's and 2,031 Home Depot mapped, against real US store counts of roughly 1,750 and 2,000), but the camera numerator is not -- only 17.3% of ALPR nodes carry any operator tag. So a coverage share is a floor on the fraction of stores with cameras, never an estimate of it, and a difference in coverage between two brands or two counties may be a difference in mapping attention rather than in deployment."]},{"id":"bigbox-store-alpr-coverage-national","value":0.3188,"unit":"share","subject":"Share of the 3795 mapped US Lowe's/Home Depot stores with at least one mapped, operator-tagged ALPR node within 350 m","asof":"2026-08-19","source":{"publisher":"OpenStreetMap contributors","title":"US Lowe's and The Home Depot stores (brand:wikidata Q1373493, Q864407), via Overpass API","url":"https://www.openstreetmap.org/","retrieved":"2026-08-19"},"method":{"type":"computed","from":["data/bigbox-alpr-coverage.json"],"how":"n_stores_with_mapped_alpr / n_stores"},"status":"verified","license":"ODbL","caveats":["Underlying camera locations are volunteer-crowdsourced (DeFlock/OSM), not verified by any camera operator or government body -- likely incomplete, possibly outdated or inaccurate (see repo TERMS.md).","Asymmetric completeness: the store denominator is near-complete (1,764 Lowe's and 2,031 Home Depot mapped, against real US store counts of roughly 1,750 and 2,000), but the camera numerator is not -- only 17.3% of ALPR nodes carry any operator tag. So a coverage share is a floor on the fraction of stores with cameras, never an estimate of it, and a difference in coverage between two brands or two counties may be a difference in mapping attention rather than in deployment.","A node counts for a store if it is within 350 m of that store's centroid. The radius is measured, not assumed: nearest-store distance for these nodes runs to a p97 of 330 m and then jumps to 3 km+, so 350 m sits in a real gap in the distribution. Moving it to 300 m or 1 km changes the matched count by 33 nodes out of 2,778."]},{"id":"lowes-store-alpr-coverage","value":0.4155,"unit":"share","subject":"Share of the 1764 mapped US Lowe's stores with at least one mapped, operator-tagged ALPR node within 350 m","asof":"2026-08-19","source":{"publisher":"OpenStreetMap contributors","title":"US Lowe's and The Home Depot stores (brand:wikidata Q1373493, Q864407), via Overpass API","url":"https://www.openstreetmap.org/","retrieved":"2026-08-19"},"method":{"type":"computed","from":["data/bigbox-alpr-coverage.json"],"how":"by_brand.lowes: stores_with_alpr / stores"},"status":"verified","license":"ODbL","caveats":["Underlying camera locations are volunteer-crowdsourced (DeFlock/OSM), not verified by any camera operator or government body -- likely incomplete, possibly outdated or inaccurate (see repo TERMS.md).","Asymmetric completeness: the store denominator is near-complete (1,764 Lowe's and 2,031 Home Depot mapped, against real US store counts of roughly 1,750 and 2,000), but the camera numerator is not -- only 17.3% of ALPR nodes carry any operator tag. So a coverage share is a floor on the fraction of stores with cameras, never an estimate of it, and a difference in coverage between two brands or two counties may be a difference in mapping attention rather than in deployment.","A node counts for a store if it is within 350 m of that store's centroid. The radius is measured, not assumed: nearest-store distance for these nodes runs to a p97 of 330 m and then jumps to 3 km+, so 350 m sits in a real gap in the distribution. Moving it to 300 m or 1 km changes the matched count by 33 nodes out of 2,778."]},{"id":"home-depot-store-alpr-coverage","value":0.2349,"unit":"share","subject":"Share of the 2031 mapped US The Home Depot stores with at least one mapped, operator-tagged ALPR node within 350 m","asof":"2026-08-19","source":{"publisher":"OpenStreetMap contributors","title":"US Lowe's and The Home Depot stores (brand:wikidata Q1373493, Q864407), via Overpass API","url":"https://www.openstreetmap.org/","retrieved":"2026-08-19"},"method":{"type":"computed","from":["data/bigbox-alpr-coverage.json"],"how":"by_brand.home_depot: stores_with_alpr / stores"},"status":"verified","license":"ODbL","caveats":["Underlying camera locations are volunteer-crowdsourced (DeFlock/OSM), not verified by any camera operator or government body -- likely incomplete, possibly outdated or inaccurate (see repo TERMS.md).","Asymmetric completeness: the store denominator is near-complete (1,764 Lowe's and 2,031 Home Depot mapped, against real US store counts of roughly 1,750 and 2,000), but the camera numerator is not -- only 17.3% of ALPR nodes carry any operator tag. So a coverage share is a floor on the fraction of stores with cameras, never an estimate of it, and a difference in coverage between two brands or two counties may be a difference in mapping attention rather than in deployment.","A node counts for a store if it is within 350 m of that store's centroid. The radius is measured, not assumed: nearest-store distance for these nodes runs to a p97 of 330 m and then jumps to 3 km+, so 350 m sits in a real gap in the distribution. Moving it to 300 m or 1 km changes the matched count by 33 nodes out of 2,778."]},{"id":"retail-alpr-presence-shoplifting-correlation-store-having-counties","value":0.084,"unit":"pearson_r","subject":"Correlation (Pearson r) between a county having >=1 mapped retail ALPR node and its 2025 NIBRS shoplifting rate, restricted to the 1096 counties that have at least one mapped Lowe's/Home Depot store -- the like-for-like version of the headline presence correlation","asof":"2026-08-19","source":{"publisher":"FBI Crime Data Explorer","title":"NIBRS master file (incident/offense-level, 2021 and 2025) + Law Enforcement Employees agency crosswalk","url":"https://cde.ucr.cjis.gov/","retrieved":"2026-08-19"},"method":{"type":"computed","from":["data/shoplifting-alpr-join.json","data/bigbox-alpr-coverage.json"],"how":"Pearson correlation of retail_alpr_present (0/1) vs shoplift_rate_2025 over rows with offenses_2025 >= 20 and bigbox_stores >= 1"},"status":"verified","license":"ODbL","caveats":["Underlying camera locations are volunteer-crowdsourced (DeFlock/OSM), not verified by any camera operator or government body -- likely incomplete, possibly outdated or inaccurate (see repo TERMS.md).","NIBRS agency participation is neither universal nor stable across 2021-2025 (many large agencies were not yet NIBRS-certified in 2021, some still aren't); a county-year here is included only if a crosswalked agency reported any NIBRS offense data that year -- absence from a year's file is a reporting gap, not zero shoplifting. This is a real-world coverage limitation, not a processing choice.","'Retail ALPR present' means a mapped, operator-tagged Lowe's or Home Depot ALPR node exists in this county -- named-operator tags are sparse (17.3% of all nodes), so absence means 'none mapped/tagged,' not necessarily 'none exists,' and there is no independent corroboration source for retail ALPR the way EFF's Atlas backs police-agency camera absence. Correlation, not causation, either way.","Asymmetric completeness: the store denominator is near-complete (1,764 Lowe's and 2,031 Home Depot mapped, against real US store counts of roughly 1,750 and 2,000), but the camera numerator is not -- only 17.3% of ALPR nodes carry any operator tag. So a coverage share is a floor on the fraction of stores with cameras, never an estimate of it, and a difference in coverage between two brands or two counties may be a difference in mapping attention rather than in deployment."]},{"id":"retail-alpr-store-coverage-shoplifting-correlation","value":0.004,"unit":"pearson_r","subject":"Correlation (Pearson r) between the share of a county's big-box stores with mapped ALPR and its 2025 NIBRS shoplifting rate, across the 1096 counties with at least one mapped store -- the store-normalized replacement for the raw presence correlation","asof":"2026-08-19","source":{"publisher":"FBI Crime Data Explorer","title":"NIBRS master file (incident/offense-level, 2021 and 2025) + Law Enforcement Employees agency crosswalk","url":"https://cde.ucr.cjis.gov/","retrieved":"2026-08-19"},"method":{"type":"computed","from":["data/shoplifting-alpr-join.json","data/bigbox-alpr-coverage.json"],"how":"Pearson correlation of bigbox_coverage vs shoplift_rate_2025 over rows with offenses_2025 >= 20 and bigbox_stores >= 1"},"status":"verified","license":"ODbL","caveats":["Underlying camera locations are volunteer-crowdsourced (DeFlock/OSM), not verified by any camera operator or government body -- likely incomplete, possibly outdated or inaccurate (see repo TERMS.md).","NIBRS agency participation is neither universal nor stable across 2021-2025 (many large agencies were not yet NIBRS-certified in 2021, some still aren't); a county-year here is included only if a crosswalked agency reported any NIBRS offense data that year -- absence from a year's file is a reporting gap, not zero shoplifting. This is a real-world coverage limitation, not a processing choice.","Asymmetric completeness: the store denominator is near-complete (1,764 Lowe's and 2,031 Home Depot mapped, against real US store counts of roughly 1,750 and 2,000), but the camera numerator is not -- only 17.3% of ALPR nodes carry any operator tag. So a coverage share is a floor on the fraction of stores with cameras, never an estimate of it, and a difference in coverage between two brands or two counties may be a difference in mapping attention rather than in deployment.","A node counts for a store if it is within 350 m of that store's centroid. The radius is measured, not assumed: nearest-store distance for these nodes runs to a p97 of 330 m and then jumps to 3 km+, so 350 m sits in a real gap in the distribution. Moving it to 300 m or 1 km changes the matched count by 33 nodes out of 2,778."]},{"id":"bigbox-store-count-population-correlation","value":0.951,"unit":"pearson_r","subject":"Correlation (Pearson r) between a county's mapped big-box store count and its population -- the confound that makes raw retail-ALPR presence largely a population measure, and the reason the coverage share exists","asof":"2026-08-19","source":{"publisher":"OpenStreetMap contributors","title":"US Lowe's and The Home Depot stores (brand:wikidata Q1373493, Q864407), via Overpass API","url":"https://www.openstreetmap.org/","retrieved":"2026-08-19"},"method":{"type":"computed","from":["data/shoplifting-alpr-join.json","data/bigbox-alpr-coverage.json"],"how":"Pearson correlation of bigbox_stores vs population over rows with offenses_2025 >= 20 and bigbox_stores >= 1"},"status":"verified","license":"ODbL","caveats":["Asymmetric completeness: the store denominator is near-complete (1,764 Lowe's and 2,031 Home Depot mapped, against real US store counts of roughly 1,750 and 2,000), but the camera numerator is not -- only 17.3% of ALPR nodes carry any operator tag. So a coverage share is a floor on the fraction of stores with cameras, never an estimate of it, and a difference in coverage between two brands or two counties may be a difference in mapping attention rather than in deployment."]},{"id":"camera-growth-crime-rate-change-correlation-context","value":9.53,"unit":"cameras_per_100k","subject":"Average per-state camera growth (2021->2025, creation-dated OSM nodes per 100k residents) across the 50 states with both a camera timeline and a balanced Return A panel","asof":"2026-08-19","source":{"publisher":"OpenStreetMap / DeFlock contributors","title":"US ALPR camera nodes, version+timestamp metadata (out meta)","url":"https://deflock.org/","retrieved":"2026-08-19"},"method":{"type":"computed","from":["data/camera-timeline.json","data/agency-clearance.json"],"how":"mean(camera_growth_per_100k) over corpus/states-change.json's rows"},"status":"verified","license":"ODbL","caveats":["Underlying camera locations are volunteer-crowdsourced (DeFlock/OSM), not verified by any camera operator or government body -- likely incomplete, possibly outdated or inaccurate (see repo TERMS.md).","Camera 'growth' is a mapping-timeline artifact as much as a deployment one: 47 of 50 states have zero recorded creation-dated (v1) OSM nodes by end of 2021, so for most states 'growth since 2021' is indistinguishable from 'current total' -- this project's own mapping-timeline finding (the map tripled in 2026) means OSM/DeFlock coverage of this category barely existed yet in most states, not that deployment itself started in 2022."]},{"id":"top-quartile-camera-growth-crime-rate-change","value":-309.73,"unit":"offenses_per_100k","subject":"Average total crime-rate change 2021->2025 (violent + property, offenses per 100k) across the 14 states in the top quartile of camera growth (avg 18.28 cameras/100k added)","asof":"2026-08-19","source":{"publisher":"FBI Crime Data Explorer","title":"Return A master file (offenses known and clearances by arrest, agency-level) + Law Enforcement Employees agency crosswalk","url":"https://cde.ucr.cjis.gov/","retrieved":"2026-08-17"},"method":{"type":"computed","from":["data/agency-clearance.json","data/ori-county-crosswalk.json","data/camera-timeline.json"],"how":"mean(total_rate_change) over the top camera-growth quartile of corpus/states-change.json's rows"},"status":"verified","license":"ODbL","caveats":["Underlying camera locations are volunteer-crowdsourced (DeFlock/OSM), not verified by any camera operator or government body -- likely incomplete, possibly outdated or inaccurate (see repo TERMS.md).","Camera 'growth' is a mapping-timeline artifact as much as a deployment one: 47 of 50 states have zero recorded creation-dated (v1) OSM nodes by end of 2021, so for most states 'growth since 2021' is indistinguishable from 'current total' -- this project's own mapping-timeline finding (the map tripled in 2026) means OSM/DeFlock coverage of this category barely existed yet in most states, not that deployment itself started in 2022.","Crime-rate change uses a balanced state panel (ORIs reporting all 12 months of both 2021 and 2025) specifically to avoid a reporting-coverage artifact: an unbalanced year-over-year comparison overstated increases in states where major agencies only reached full NIBRS reporting after 2021 (e.g. CA, NY), which is agency participation catching up, not a crime trend. The balanced panel's population coverage is still smaller than each state's full population, and some states have very few balanced-panel agencies (as low as 2). No causal claim in either direction -- this map exists specifically to avoid one."]},{"id":"bottom-quartile-camera-growth-crime-rate-change","value":-123.05,"unit":"offenses_per_100k","subject":"Average total crime-rate change 2021->2025 (violent + property, offenses per 100k) across the 12 states in the bottom quartile of camera growth (avg 2.35 cameras/100k added)","asof":"2026-08-19","source":{"publisher":"FBI Crime Data Explorer","title":"Return A master file (offenses known and clearances by arrest, agency-level) + Law Enforcement Employees agency crosswalk","url":"https://cde.ucr.cjis.gov/","retrieved":"2026-08-17"},"method":{"type":"computed","from":["data/agency-clearance.json","data/ori-county-crosswalk.json","data/camera-timeline.json"],"how":"mean(total_rate_change) over the bottom camera-growth quartile of corpus/states-change.json's rows"},"status":"verified","license":"ODbL","caveats":["Underlying camera locations are volunteer-crowdsourced (DeFlock/OSM), not verified by any camera operator or government body -- likely incomplete, possibly outdated or inaccurate (see repo TERMS.md).","Camera 'growth' is a mapping-timeline artifact as much as a deployment one: 47 of 50 states have zero recorded creation-dated (v1) OSM nodes by end of 2021, so for most states 'growth since 2021' is indistinguishable from 'current total' -- this project's own mapping-timeline finding (the map tripled in 2026) means OSM/DeFlock coverage of this category barely existed yet in most states, not that deployment itself started in 2022.","Crime-rate change uses a balanced state panel (ORIs reporting all 12 months of both 2021 and 2025) specifically to avoid a reporting-coverage artifact: an unbalanced year-over-year comparison overstated increases in states where major agencies only reached full NIBRS reporting after 2021 (e.g. CA, NY), which is agency participation catching up, not a crime trend. The balanced panel's population coverage is still smaller than each state's full population, and some states have very few balanced-panel agencies (as low as 2). No causal claim in either direction -- this map exists specifically to avoid one."]}]